Spatial Reference: Some Empirical and Experimental Evidence in Rongga, Balinese, and Indonesian

This book provides a different perspective in relation with concepts relevant to specify spatial relations. My empirical and experimental investigations of Rongga, Balinese, and Indonesian showed that the concept expectedness governs the use of topological prepositions in the languages. Non-topologically, it has long been claimed that a relative frame of reference is universal. My non-topological relation study however revealed that Rongga and Balinese use a landmark system, while Indonesian practices the relative system. This book should be useful for Linguistics students or researchers who are interested in spatial semantics and the acquisition of spatial relations. Since the book also discusses the meanings of spatial relations across languages it should also be useful for anyone who is interested in translation.